Genotoxic and Cytotoxicity Activities of Leaf Extract of Setaria megaphylla
Okokon J. E.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Akwa-ibom State, Nigeria.
Ochigbo E. B.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Akwa-ibom State, Nigeria.
Johnny I. I.
Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
Anagboso M. O.
Department of Microbiology, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Ebong N. O. *
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria. Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Setaria megaphylla a medicinal plant, used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of malaria, diabetes and inflammatory diseases was investigated for cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on cells of the root meristem of Allium cepa. Bulbs of Onion were exposed to 2.5 mg/ml, 5mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml concentrations of the leaf extract for macroscopic and microscopic study. Tap water was used as a negative control and Methotrexate (0.1 mg/ml) as a positive control. Depending on concentration by the extract, there was statistically significant (P < .05) inhibition of root growth when compared with the negative control group. All the tested concentrations of the extract were observed to have cytotoxic effects on cell division in A. cepa. The extract- induced micronuclei (MNC) formations and chromosomal aberrations in A. cepa root tip cells were significant (P < .05) when compared with control group. The extract treatment further induced, ghost cells, cells membrane damage, cell death, and bi nucleated cells. These results implies that Setaria megaphylla leaf extract possess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa which is as a results of its phytochemical constituents.
Keywords: Setaria megaphylla, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, Alium cepa test
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Van Oudtshoorn FP. Guide to grasses of South Africa. Briza Publications, Cape Town; 1999.
Okokon JE, Ubulom PM, Udokpoh AE. Antiplasmodial activity of Setaria megaphylla. Phytother Res. 2007;21:366-368.
Okokon JE, Okokon PJ, Sahal D. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of some medicinal plants from Nigeria. Int J Herbal Med. 2017;5(5):102-109.
Okokon JE, Antia BS.. Hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic effect of Setaria megaphylla on normal and alloxan induced diabetic Rats. J Nat Remedy. 2007;1:134-138.
Okokon JE, Davies K, Lekara J, Iwara K, Thomas P, Li W-W. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of solvents fractions of Setaria megaphylla and its phytochemical characterisation. Phytomedicine Plus. 2022;2(2022): 100182.
Okokon JE, Antia BS, Ita BN. (Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of ethanolic extract of Setaria megaphylla leaves in rodents. Afr J Biomed Res. 2006;9:229-233.
Okokon JE, Dar A., Choudhary MI. Immunomodulatory, cytotoxic and antileishmanial activities of Setaria megaphylla. Int J Phytomed. 2013;4:155-160.
Okokon JE, Otuikor JE, Davies K. Psychopharmacological study on ethanol leaf extract of Setaria megaphylla. Afr. J Pharmacol Ther. 2016;6(4);166-172.
Okokon JE, Davies K, Lekara J, Iwara K, Kumar H. Effect of solvents leaf fractions of Setaria megaphylla on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activities in rats. Adv Pharm J. 2021;6(4):111-115.
Bakare AA, Mosuro AA, Osibanjo O. Effect of simulated leachate on chromosomes and mitosis in roots of Allium cepa L. J. Environ. Biol. 2000;21:263–271.
Antonsie-wiez D. Analysis of the cell cycle in the root of Allium cepa under the influence of Leda krin,” Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 1990;26:79–96.
Panda BB, Sahu UK. Induction of abnormal spindle function and cytokinesis inhibition in mitotic cells of Allium cepa by the organophosphorus insecticide fensulfothion. Cytobios. 1985;42(167-168):147–155.
Sharma CB. Plant meristems as monitors of genetic toxicity of environmental chemicals. Current Science. 1983;52:1000–1002.
Sudhakar R, Ninge Gowda KN, Venu G. Mitotic abnormalities induced by silk dyeing industry effluents in the cells of Allium cepa. Cytologia. 2001;66(3):235–239.
Mercykutty VC, Stephen J. Adriamycin induced genetic toxicity as demonstrated by Allium cepa test,” Cytologia. 1980;45(4):769–777.
Schulze E, Kirschner M. Microtubule dynamics in interphase cells. Journal of Cell Biology. 1986;102(3):1020–1031.
As T, kınelik C, Aslanturk OS. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Lavandula stoechas aqueous extracts. Biologia. 2007;62(3):292–296.
As T, kin C, elik, Aslantu¨rk OS. Antimitotic and antigenotoxic effects of Plantago lanceolata aqueous extract on Allium cepa root tip meristem cells. Biologia. 2006;61(6):693–697.
Akinboro A, Bakare AA. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007;112(3):470–475.
Babich H, Segall MA. Fox KD. The Allium test— a simple, eukaryote genotoxicity assay. American Biology Teacher. 1997;59(9):580–583.
G¨om¨urgen AN. Cytological effect of the potassium metabisulphite and potassium nitrate food preservative on root tips of Allium cepa L. Cytologia. 2005;70(2):119–128.
Swierenga SH, Heddle JA, Sigal EA. Recommended protocols based on a survey of current practice in genotoxicity testing laboratories, IV. Chromosome aberration and sister-chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary, V79 Chinese hamster lung and human lymphocyte cultures,” Mutation Research. 1991;246(2):301–322.
Sharma A, Sen S. Chromosome botany, Science, Enfield, NH, USA; 2002.
Albertini RJ, Anderson D, Douglas GR. IPCS guidelines for the monitoring of genotoxic effects of carcinogens in humans. Mutation Research. 2000;463(2):111–172.
Krishna G, Hayashi M. In vivo rodent micronucleus assay: protocol, conduct and data interpretation. Mutation Research. 2000;455(1-2):155–166.
As TA, kin C, elik, Aslantu¨rk OS. Investigation of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Ecballium elaterium juice based on Allium test. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 2009;31(9):591–596.
Soliman MI. Genotoxicity testing of neem plant (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) using the Allium cepa chromosome aberration assay. Journal of Biological Sciences. 2001;1(11):1021–1027.